The TTT allows differential diagnostic classification of various psychiatric disorders in terms of a possible underlying time disorder, making it useful for future diagnostic and predictive purposes using novel techniques of temporal processing, time perception, passage of time, and time perspective.Įach of our sensory modalities - vision, touch, taste, etc. psychotic, impulse‐control, autistic and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorders). anxiety, dissociation/PTSD, depression, and mania) from those primarily related to distorted ‘micro‐level’ temporal processing (i.e. It differentiates between diagnoses primarily associated with distorted “macro‐level” phenomenal temporal experiences (i.e.
The TTT systematically describes the basic temporal nature of eight diagnostic categories of psychiatric illness. Secondly, the integrated combined model of time is then used to heuristically map major psychiatric disorders on to the basic elements of temporal flow and integration. Firstly, this article integrates a psychological model of how time is processed with a subjective or phenomenological model of how time is experienced or perceived. Temporal distortions may precede functional decline, and so assist efforts at early detection and intervention in at‐risk groups. Can these disorders of time be used as early diagnostic or predictive markers? To answer this question, we develop a Transdiagnostic Taxonomy of (disordered) Time (TTT) that maps on to the symptomatological, phenomenal, perceptual and functional descriptions of each underlying disorder in a 2 × 2 × 2 state space. Temporal experience, perception, judgement and processing are distorted in various psychiatric disorders such as mood (depression and mania), anxiety, autistic, impulse‐control, dissociative and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Time is a core aspect of psychopathology with potential for clinical use and early intervention. On a third level of integration, continuity of experience is enabled by working memory in the range of multiple seconds allowing the maintenance of cognitive operations and emotional feelings, leading to mental presence, a temporal window of an individual's experienced presence.
Moments in time windows#
It has been suggested that this segmental processing mechanism creates temporal windows that provide a logistical basis for conscious representation and the experience of nowness. On a second level, an experienced moment, which is based on temporal integration of up to a few seconds, has been reported in many qualitatively different experiments in perception and action.
Below a certain threshold temporal order is not perceived, individual events are processed as co-temporal. On an elementary level, one can identify a functional moment, a basic temporal building block of perception in the range of milliseconds that defines simultaneity and succession. Therefore, empirical evidence from psychophysics and neuropsychology on these distinct temporal processing levels is presented and discussed within philosophical conceptualizations of time experience. In recent literature concerning the philosophy and neuroscience of consciousness these separate temporal processing levels are not always precisely distinguished. Successive events are fused into units forming a unitary experience or "psychological present." Studies have identified several temporal integration levels on different time scales which are fundamental for our understanding of behavior and subjective experience. It has been suggested that perception and action can be understood as evolving in temporal epochs or sequential processing units.
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